ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy)
📌 High energy shock waves are generated outside the patient’s body, which are focused on stones via Fluoroscopy or Ultrasound.
📌 The change in density between the soft renal tissue and hard stone releases energy at the stone surface which causes “Compression Induced Tensile Cracking of stones”.
📌 Incoming shock wave causes fragmentation of stones from erosion and shattering.
📌 The stone fragments broken into small pieces may pass down the ureter.
📌 Difficult (hard) stones for ESWL -
👉 Brushite, Hydroxyapatite, Cystine, Calcium oxalate monohydrate (BHC-2)
📌 Factors responsible for decreasing the chances of stone free status -
👉 Stone burden -
🖊 Multiple stones, > 2 cm and staghorn calculi
👉 ESWL is best suited for stone < 2 cm in renal pelvis or calyces with no distal obstruction
👉 Reduced clearance -
🖊 Lower calyceal location, marked hydronephrosis or scarring, calyceal diverticulum or horseshoe kidney
👉 Stone composition -
〽️ Difficult - Brushite, Hydroxyapatite, Cystine, Calcium oxalate monohydrate (BHC-2)
〽️ Breakable- Uric acid, struvite, Calcium oxalate dihydrate.
📌 Contraindications of ESWL -
🖊 Absolute -
👉 Pregnancy
👉 Bleeding disorder
🖊 Relative -
👉 UTI
👉 Unrelieved distal obstruction
👉 Cardiac pacemaker
👉 Uncontrolled hypertension
👉 Severe orthopaedic deformity
📌 Complications of ESWL -
👉 Acute injury to the renal parenchyma leading to hematuria and edema around the kidney
👉 Chronic renal injury leading to accelerated rise in the systemic blood pressure, decrease in renal function and increase in rate of stone recurrence
👉 Lung parenchymal injury (if exposed)
👉 Extrasystoles
👉 Infection due to release of bacteria in fragment
#Urology #Surgery
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